1.  There are 2 periods during the cardiac cycle when all valves are closed.
    a.  What is happening with the atria and ventricles (systole, diastole) for each time period?
    b.  For each of these two periods, indicate where the EKG would be.

2.  What causes pulmonary congestion during left-sided CHF?

3.  The kidneys retain water to compensate for decreased cardiac output.  How does this affect EDV and SV?

4.  Draw a Frank-Starling curve (label all axes).  Draw lines for a normal heart and a failing heart.  Now draw a line for someone with heart failure who is taking a sympathetic agonist drug to increase CO.

5.  Describe 3 different ways by which sympathetic stimulation increases cardiac output.